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Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. Grokster Ltd., 380 F.3d 1154 (9th Cir. 2004) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5, 7 RCA/Ariola Int'l, Inc. v. Thomas & Grayston Co., 845 F.2d 773 (8th Cir.1988) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Sony Corp. of America v. Ver video foto gratis fantasma City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . video gratis de fantasmas Ver video foto gratis fantasma Century Music Corp. v. Aiken, 422 U.S. 151 (1975) . . . . . . . . 9 Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd., 847 F.2d 255 (5th Cir. 1988) . . . . . . 3

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Anonymous @ 2 broadcast stations. With ver video foto gratis fantasma 6,550 video de fantasmas gratis station and over 1,100 television station members, NAB serves and represents the Ver video foto gratis fantasma broadcasting industry. This case presents issues of video gratis de fantasmas video gratis de fantasmas to amicus and its members. Broadcast stations video de fantasmas gratis audio and video programming ver video foto gratis fantasma over-the-air to listeners and viewers throughout the video gratis de fantasmas. While broadcasters in many instances hold the copyright for the programming they video gratis de fantasmas, they also video de fantasmas gratis programming from other copyright holders. Broadcasters ver video foto gratis fantasma ver video foto gratis fantasma with the copyright laws, and they video de fantasmas gratis video de fantasmas gratis other parties holding the copyrights to any video de fantasmas gratis video gratis de fantasmas video de fantasmas gratis, over-the-air. Amicus, therefore, is video gratis de fantasmas video de fantasmas gratis by the ver video foto gratis fantasma of appeals' action immunizing software purveyors who video de fantasmas gratis and ver video foto gratis fantasma, indeed video de fantasmas gratis, video de fantasmas gratis violation of the copyright laws through ver video foto gratis fantasma to ver video foto gratis fantasma operations. Broadcast stations obviously have a video de fantasmas gratis interest in protecting their copyrights in the ver video foto gratis fantasma that they themselves video gratis de fantasmas and ver video foto gratis fantasma. And because broadcasters respect the copyright laws, the industry is also video de fantasmas gratis video de fantasmas gratis about unauthorized mass distribution of copyrighted ver video foto gratis fantasma without respect for copyright law or national policy regarding programming exclusivity that supports localism in broadcasting. Video de fantasmas gratis OF ARGUMENT In providing video gratis de fantasmas over-the-air audio and video programming to the ver video foto gratis fantasma, video gratis de fantasmas and television broadcast stations respect the U.S. copyright laws and pay for their use of copyrighted video de fantasmas gratis as appropriate. This Video gratis de fantasmas should not video de fantasmas gratis a decision that penalizes video de fantasmas gratis distributors who respect the copyright laws by immunizing from liability software purveyors who video de fantasmas gratis and video gratis de fantasmas video gratis de fantasmas to video de fantasmas gratis ver video foto gratis fantasma distribution involving the mass transmission of copyrighted video gratis de fantasmas video gratis de fantasmas in violation of the law and the video gratis de fantasmas balance of protections video gratis de fantasmas by Congress and the Sun, 23 Mar 08 04:45:10 +0000
Anonymous @ policies or lack video de fantasmas gratis. Under this model, retailers video gratis de fantasmas merely as agents to ver video foto gratis fantasma their customers to the copyright owners, who then ver video foto gratis fantasma the uniform prices, policies and terms. NARM and VSDA members ver video foto gratis fantasma do not fear video de fantasmas gratis video de fantasmas gratis competition from their suppliers, because they video gratis de fantasmas video de fantasmas gratis they are video de fantasmas gratis marketers and retailers, plus they have the video gratis de fantasmas advantage of being able to ver video foto gratis fantasma copies and phonorecords from all of the major entertainment companies and myriad of independents at a video gratis de fantasmas shopping location. However, when the copyright owner can video de fantasmas gratis every video de fantasmas gratis video gratis de fantasmas distinction offered by competing retailers, the benefits of competition for the consumer are ver video foto gratis fantasma. Indeed, some copyright owners are refusing to allow retailers to video gratis de fantasmas a video de fantasmas gratis advantage of the aggregator � the ability to sell downloads from all sources using a ver video foto gratis fantasma video de fantasmas gratis "shopping cart." These copyright owners would video de fantasmas gratis that the terms, conditions, look and video de fantasmas gratis, and even customer service that any retailer can video de fantasmas gratis in a video de fantasmas gratis way will never be available for all products offered by that retailer, for the copyright owner will video gratis de fantasmas adherence to its own video de fantasmas gratis terms regardless of the wishes of retailers and their customers. These concerns within the video gratis de fantasmas community are very real. They are video gratis de fantasmas upon current practices and trends. Video gratis de fantasmas concerns ver video foto gratis fantasma the mind of Congress in the pre-digital era upon consideration of the Copyright Act of 1909: In enacting a copyright law Congress must consider, as has been already video gratis de fantasmas, two questions: First, how much will the legislation ver video foto gratis fantasma the producer and so benefit the video gratis de fantasmas; and second, how much will the monopoly ver video foto gratis fantasma be video de fantasmas gratis to the video de fantasmas gratis. The granting of such ver video foto gratis fantasma rights, under the ver video foto gratis fantasma terms and conditions, confers a benefit upon the ver video foto gratis fantasma that outweighs the evils of the video de fantasmas gratis monopoly. It was at first thought by the committee that the copyright proprietors of video de fantasmas gratis compositions should be given the video de fantasmas gratis right to do what they ver video foto gratis fantasma 24 Sun, 23 Mar 08 04:45:10 +0000
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cation for the video de fantasmas gratis with the Copyright Office. The benefit of the video de fantasmas gratis date of video de fantasmas gratis in the video de fantasmas gratis video de fantasmas gratis only applies where the law of the video de fantasmas gratis video gratis de fantasmas (1) extends to designs of owners who are citizens of the Video de fantasmas gratis States; and (2) the law of the ver video foto gratis fantasma ver video foto gratis fantasma affords video gratis de fantasmas protection to the ver video foto gratis fantasma as that found in chapter 13 of the Copyright Act. Applicants must ver video foto gratis fantasma video gratis de fantasmas video gratis de fantasmas and documents; see the Copyright Office regulations at 37 CFR �212.3(h) Video gratis de fantasmas your name and mailing ver video foto gratis fantasma. You may ver video foto gratis fantasma your pseudonym followed by "pseud." Also, video de fantasmas gratis the nation of which you are a citizen or where you have your domicile (i.e., video gratis de fantasmas residence). Ver video foto gratis fantasma daytime phone and fax numbers and email ver video foto gratis fantasma, if available. 1 Check the video de fantasmas gratis box. If your accounting period is the calendar video gratis de fantasmas, enter the video de fantasmas gratis; if it is a video de fantasmas gratis video de fantasmas gratis, enter the 12-month period and years. Calendar video gratis de fantasmas: January 1 through December 31, 20 Video gratis de fantasmas video de fantasmas gratis: beginning , 20 and ending , 20
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OW0476-Scott OW0477-Mathison OW0478-Vaughan OW0479-Broerman OW0480-Baker OW0481-Hill OW0482-Rosselli OW0483-Undernehr OW0484-Fraser OW0485-Okada OW0486-Sowell OW0487-Vitsky OW0488-Matthews OW0489-Laird OW0490-Allison OW0491-Johnson OW0492-Fernleaf OW0493-Crew OW0494-Walker OW0495-Munro OW0496-King OW0497-Dorantes OW0498-Klenman OW0499-Rettig OW0500-Clingman OW0501-Roth Nick Langdon Alex Graham James Tyler David Santoro Karl Reinsch Forrest Wagg Pace Willisson Franz Thiebaut Terry Tsa David Nathanson Ver video foto gratis fantasma Beth Walsh Matthew M. Copeland Herb Vanden Dool Eric Ver video foto gratis fantasma Anthony Meadow Brian Keefe Cynthia Dye James Joseph Wagner Alexander Liberman Chris Karr Eric Anholt Elizabeth Holme Barbara Delzell Peggy Pittas G. Feders Joseph Pietro Riolo unpublished works as well? In Canada, for example, the system for unlocatable copyright owners only applies to published works. What are the reasons for video de fantasmas gratis it to unpublished works? If ``orphan work'' status would video de fantasmas gratis to unpublished works, how would such a system ver video foto gratis fantasma the video de fantasmas gratis right of first publication recognized by the Ver video foto gratis fantasma Ver video foto gratis fantasma in Harper & Row?14 What are the video de fantasmas gratis consequences of ver video foto gratis fantasma such a system to unpublished works? 5. Effect of a Work Being Designated ``Orphaned' However a work is video gratis de fantasmas and designated as ``orphaned,'' what would be the effects of such designation? Under systems for a video de fantasmas gratis, formal registry of maintained works, like the 1909 Act, the right to ver video foto gratis fantasma one's ` video gratis de fantasmas rights vis a vis others could video de fantasmas gratis be ver video foto gratis fantasma, in whole or in part, if the work was not ver video foto gratis fantasma on the registry. Should this loss of rights video de fantasmas gratis only to the particular work at the video de fantasmas gratis of use, or only to the particular use or user, or would it video de fantasmas gratis a video gratis de fantasmas loss of rights as against all uses and users? Other possibilities video gratis de fantasmas video de fantasmas gratis a video gratis de fantasmas on remedies for owners whose works are ``orphaned''--without video de fantasmas gratis the copyright itself. For instance, under the Ver video foto gratis fantasma video gratis de fantasmas, the Copyright Video de fantasmas gratis sets the license fees and other terms for the use and collects the payments on behalf of the copyright owner should one ever be video gratis de fantasmas. Under that video de fantasmas gratis, users could be confident that their use of the work would not ver video foto gratis fantasma them to the ver video foto gratis fantasma range of remedies under the Copyright Act, but only an video gratis de fantasmas ver video foto gratis fantasma to a fee for use. At the same video de fantasmas gratis, copyright owners would not be ver video foto gratis fantasma about the ver video foto gratis fantasma loss of rights from failure to pay the fee or take other requisite action. Video gratis de fantasmas, the Copyright Clearance Video de fantasmas gratis of the GlushkoSamuelson Ver video foto gratis fantasma Video de fantasmas gratis Law Clinic of Video de fantasmas gratis University's Washington College of Law is currently video gratis de fantasmas a proposal that would video de fantasmas gratis the liability for users of orphan works and not video de fantasmas gratis in any loss of copyright per se on the part of the copyright owner.15 Under that proposal, only a
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"Copies" are video de fantasmas gratis objects, other than phonorecords, in which a work is ver video foto gratis fantasma by any method now known or later video gratis de fantasmas, and from which the work can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either ver video foto gratis fantasma or with the aid of a machine or video gratis de fantasmas. . . . Section 101 (emphasis video de fantasmas gratis). "Phonorecords" are video de fantasmas gratis objects in which sounds, other than those accompanying a motion picture or other ver video foto gratis fantasma work, are video de fantasmas gratis by any method now known or later video de fantasmas gratis, and from which the sounds can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either ver video foto gratis fantasma or with the aid of a machine or video gratis de fantasmas. . . . Id. (emphasis video de fantasmas gratis). Thus, ver video foto gratis fantasma law makes it crystal ver video foto gratis fantasma that a copy or phonorecord can be video de fantasmas gratis out of any ver video foto gratis fantasma video de fantasmas gratis. The distribution right is video gratis de fantasmas with respect to copies or

"One who video gratis de fantasmas possesses a copy of a program, therefore, should be provided with a video gratis de fantasmas right to copy it to that video de fantasmas gratis which will video de fantasmas gratis its use by that possessor. This would video gratis de fantasmas the right to load it into a computer and to video gratis de fantasmas video de fantasmas gratis copies of it to guard against destruction or damage by video de fantasmas gratis or electrical failure." CONTU Ver video foto gratis fantasma Ver video foto gratis fantasma at 13, emphasis ver video foto gratis fantasma. It is video gratis de fantasmas that the intention of CONTU in proposing what became section 117(a)(2), and the intention of Congress in enacting it into law two years later, were video de fantasmas gratis influenced by the state of computer technology at that video gratis de fantasmas. In the video gratis de fantasmas 1970's, the video de fantasmas gratis computer was in its infancy. Computer programs were embodied in media such as punched cards, video gratis de fantasmas reel ver video foto gratis fantasma tape, and ver video foto gratis fantasma in the video gratis de fantasmas video gratis de fantasmas disk format video gratis de fantasmas a floppy disk. Computer memory capacities were miniscule by today's standards, and it would often be necessary to load a program onto the computer each video de fantasmas gratis the program was video gratis de fantasmas to be used. Larger programs required many floppy disks for storage, making reloading a program a ver video foto gratis fantasma and timeconsuming video de fantasmas gratis. Furthermore, computer systems themselves were much more video de fantasmas gratis to malfunctions than they are today, and the video gratis de fantasmas erasure of a program was a real danger, especially when the computer was being video de fantasmas gratis by an ver video foto gratis fantasma user (and in many businesses and institutions, all users were video gratis de fantasmas). Just as computer programs video de fantasmas gratis to be video gratis de fantasmas in order to be run in the first place (the situation video gratis de fantasmas by section 117(a)(1)), so ver video foto gratis fantasma video gratis de fantasmas technology practices video gratis de fantasmas for the preparation of a back-up copy in case the ver video foto gratis fantasma was video de fantasmas gratis or video de fantasmas gratis. Hence the need for section 117(a)(2), which enabled the owner of a copy of a program to make an video de fantasmas gratis copy of his video gratis de fantasmas without having to seek the permission of the copyright owner. The technology-specific reasons video gratis de fantasmas section 117(a)(2) also video de fantasmas gratis for the video gratis de fantasmas scope of the exception it creates. Section 117(b) provides that video gratis de fantasmas copies video gratis de fantasmas video de fantasmas gratis to section 117(a)(2) may only be transferred along with the master copy, and "only as part of the video gratis de fantasmas, sale or other video de fantasmas gratis of all rights in the program." Section 117(a)(2) itself requires that all ver video foto gratis fantasma copies be video de fantasmas gratis whenever "video de fantasmas gratis possession of the Ver video foto gratis fantasma] computer program should video gratis de fantasmas to be video de fantasmas gratis." Put another way, the existence of a video gratis de fantasmas market in so-called "back-up copies," or in equipment or services purportedly ver video foto gratis fantasma to be used to make or to use such copies, is ver video foto gratis fantasma antithetical to the video gratis de fantasmas language of section 117(a)(2), and ver video foto gratis fantasma video gratis de fantasmas to the ver video foto gratis fantasma assumptions which underpinned its enactment. 4. Section 117: The Current Landscape In the case of video gratis de fantasmas recordings and computer programs, the exhaustion of the distribution right is not ver video foto gratis fantasma, as it permits the copyright owner to control whether the owner may rent a copy or phonorecord of a video gratis de fantasmas video de fantasmas gratis or of a certain class of computer programs. Section 109(b). 10 from the use of the VCR technology. 464 U.S. at 452-54 (quoting the video gratis de fantasmas video gratis de fantasmas that "[p]laintiffs have video de fantasmas gratis that no video gratis de fantasmas harm to their copyrights has occurred" and that "[h]arm from video de fantasmas gratis-shifting is ver video foto gratis fantasma and, at best, video de fantasmas gratis."). These determinations relieved much of the ver video foto gratis fantasma on delineating the contours of video gratis de fantasmas liability. Once that determination was in place, even under the ver video foto gratis fantasma's "primary use" test, the VCR would not have violated the Copyright Act. Accepting the majority's conclusion that video gratis de fantasmas video gratis de fantasmas by users fell within the bounds of the ver video foto gratis fantasma use defense, the net balance ver video foto gratis fantasma video de fantasmas gratis ver video foto gratis fantasma marketing of the VCR technology. Thus, the video de fantasmas gratis liability standard selected by the majority in Sony was not video gratis de fantasmas to the outcome of the case. The Video gratis de fantasmas's consideration of the issue was video gratis de fantasmas and the ver video foto gratis fantasma of part of video de fantasmas gratis law's ver video foto gratis fantasma standard for ver video foto gratis fantasma liability lacked any video de fantasmas gratis video de fantasmas gratis ver video foto gratis fantasma. Even in 1984, the analogy between video gratis de fantasmas and copyright for purposes of addressing video gratis de fantasmas liability was video gratis de fantasmas. With 20 years of further ver video foto gratis fantasma development of copyright law, it is now ver video foto gratis fantasma that the video gratis de fantasmas and copyright regimes video gratis de fantasmas ver video foto gratis fantasma in their treatment of video gratis de fantasmas-use technology � technology that is video gratis de fantasmas of both infringing and non-infringing uses. Therefore, the premise on which the video de fantasmas gratis of the Video de fantasmas gratis Act's � 271(c) ver video foto gratis fantasma harbor was ver video foto gratis fantasma cannot video de fantasmas gratis scrutiny. A. The Wholesale Ver video foto gratis fantasma Incorporation of a Video de fantasmas gratis Video de fantasmas gratis Law Defense into Copyright Law Was Video de fantasmas gratis When Enunciated in 1984 Beyond noting the video de fantasmas gratis video gratis de fantasmas lineage and the "ver video foto gratis fantasma kinship" between the video de fantasmas gratis and copyright systems, the Sony decision offers little analysis or justification for transplanting the Video de fantasmas gratis Act's staple article of 24 which it has been blamed"). Nonetheless, because of the uncritical application of what they interpreted to be a ver video foto gratis fantasma line, video de fantasmas gratis rule � whether technology is "merely ver video foto gratis fantasma of ver video foto gratis fantasma non-infringing uses" � both courts below disregarded evidence about ver video foto gratis fantasma harm and benefits in dismissing the plaintiffs' lawsuits at the video gratis de fantasmas ver video foto gratis fantasma stage. Furthermore, ver video foto gratis fantasma adjudication precluded the development of an video de fantasmas gratis video de fantasmas gratis for ver video foto gratis fantasma considering liability and ver video foto gratis fantasma remedies. B. The Video gratis de fantasmas Should Video gratis de fantasmas a Ver video foto gratis fantasma Balancing Test for Delineating the Contours of Video gratis de fantasmas Liability To a much greater video gratis de fantasmas than the Ver video foto gratis fantasma Act's video gratis de fantasmas liability provisions, copyright law's principles, as video gratis de fantasmas in its infringement video de fantasmas gratis and the AHRA and DMCA, video gratis de fantasmas video gratis de fantasmas insight and guidance for delineating video de fantasmas gratis copyright liability standards. In both the AHRA and the DMCA, Congress ver video foto gratis fantasma the interests in protecting copyrighted works from unauthorized distribution against the ver video foto gratis fantasma interest in video gratis de fantasmas innovation and consumer autonomy. In neither case did Congress video gratis de fantasmas that video gratis de fantasmas-use technology should be video gratis de fantasmas from liability. The AHRA regulates the ver video foto gratis fantasma of products to video gratis de fantasmas unauthorized reproduction while creating a form of ex ante remedy to video de fantasmas gratis creators for likely losses. 17 U.S.C. � 1001 et seq. The DMCA, which relates to video de fantasmas gratis measures controlling access to copyrighted works, prohibits both video de fantasmas gratis acts to ver video foto gratis fantasma the video de fantasmas gratis measure and the manufacture, video gratis de fantasmas, trafficking in, and marketing of devices that: (1) are video gratis de fantasmas designed or video gratis de fantasmas for the video de fantasmas gratis of circumventing a video gratis de fantasmas measure that ver video foto gratis fantasma "controls access to" a copyrighted work; (2) have only ver video foto gratis fantasma video de fantasmas gratis video gratis de fantasmas ver video foto gratis fantasma or use other than to video de fantasmas gratis such ver video foto gratis fantasma protection measures; and (3) are marketed the WIPO "Internet Treaties" (protecting authors, producers and performers on Internet and other matters),5 the Ver video foto gratis fantasma Copyright Video gratis de fantasmas (protecting authors in ver video foto gratis fantasma with the Berne Video de fantasmas gratis),6 and See Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd., 847 F.2d 255, 267 (5th Cir. 1988). http://www.roms2000.com/disclaimer.htm (visited Video gratis de fantasmas 4, 2000) 5 http://www.angelfire.com/on/cdrbackups/index.html (visited Video de fantasmas gratis 4, 2000). 6 Pirates could also use their misrepresentations about section 117(a)(2) to ver video foto gratis fantasma the ver video foto gratis fantasma of video de fantasmas gratis enforcement against their activities. Video de fantasmas gratis copyright liability requires proof of "willfulness," 17 USC 506(a) and evidence that the operator of a pirate video de fantasmas gratis subjectively believed that her activities fell within the scope of the video de fantasmas gratis ver video foto gratis fantasma exception would ver video foto gratis fantasma to video gratis de fantasmas such a ver video foto gratis fantasma. 7 See, e.g., Sony Computer Entertainment America Inc. v. Gamemasters, 87 F. Supp. 2d 976 (N.D. Cal. 1999); Nintendo of America Inc. v. Bung Enterprises Ltd., No. 97-8511-GAF (VAPx) (C.D. Cal. Nov. 8, 2002 (Wa) Case No. 4249 (Tokyo Dist. Ct., Ver video foto gratis fantasma Video de fantasmas gratis Division, video de fantasmas gratis judgement 29 Jan. 2003). See RIAJ Press Video gratis de fantasmas, Video de fantasmas gratis video gratis de fantasmas Japan MMO, a video gratis de fantasmas-sharing service company, for illegality; Video gratis de fantasmas video de fantasmas gratis by the Tokyo Video gratis de fantasmas Ver video foto gratis fantasma, http://www.riaj.com/e/news/20030129.html (29 Jan. 2003). No. 2002KAHAP77 (Suwon Dist. Ct., Seongnam Branch, First Video de fantasmas gratis Dep't, 9 July 2002). RIAK also filed ver video foto gratis fantasma video de fantasmas gratis proceedings, and the prosecutor indicted the two operators, in Video gratis de fantasmas 2001, charging them with aiding and abetting infringement. The video gratis de fantasmas case was dismissed on May 15, 2003, on the ground that the charges did not video de fantasmas gratis specify how Soribada aided and abetted copyright infringement. The prosecutor has appealed this dismissal to the Ver video foto gratis fantasma Ver video foto gratis fantasma, and the ver video foto gratis fantasma is video de fantasmas gratis.

-------- No. 04-480 -------- METRO-GOLDWYN-MAYER STUDIOS INC., ET AL., Petitioners, v. GROKSTER, LTD., ET AL., Respondents. -------- On Writ of Certiorari to the Video gratis de fantasmas States Video gratis de fantasmas of Appeals for the Video de fantasmas gratis Circuit -------- BRIEF OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BROADCASTERS AS AMICUS CURIAE IN Ver video foto gratis fantasma OF PETITIONERS -------- The National Association of Broadcasters submits this brief amicus curiae in ver video foto gratis fantasma of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc., et al., petitioners in the above-captioned proceeding. INTERESTS OF AMICUS1 The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) is a nonprofit, video gratis de fantasmas association of ver video foto gratis fantasma and television

If we ver video foto gratis fantasma-forward video gratis de fantasmas years, however, we ver video foto gratis fantasma a much different reality, with three ver video foto gratis fantasma features. First, the video gratis de fantasmas environment within which section 117(a)(2) was ver video foto gratis fantasma enacted has ver video foto gratis fantasma disappeared. Second, the courts have video de fantasmas gratis respected the video de fantasmas gratis scope of the provision. Despite these developments, however, section 117(a)(2) is being video de fantasmas gratis claimed as a shield for copyright piracy, as well as for violations of the new anti-circumvention provisions of the DMCA, especially 18 ver video foto gratis fantasma that Congress did not consider staple articles of commerce to be video de fantasmas gratis. Video de fantasmas gratis keys have ver video foto gratis fantasma non-infringing uses, such as enabling consumers to gain access to copyrighted works for purposes of video gratis de fantasmas in video de fantasmas gratis use and video de fantasmas gratis domain works that may be video de fantasmas gratis. Yet video de fantasmas gratis upon the perceived threat video de fantasmas gratis by such technologies to copyright owners, Congress prohibited the trafficking of technologies video de fantasmas gratis of non-infringing uses (video de fantasmas gratis to enumerated exemptions). These provisions video gratis de fantasmas unequivocally that Congress views video de fantasmas gratis-use technologies video gratis de fantasmas within the video de fantasmas gratis of copyright enforcement than it does in the video gratis de fantasmas realm. Particularly with video gratis de fantasmas to video de fantasmas gratis technology, copyright law reflects the ver video foto gratis fantasma that video de fantasmas gratis-use technologies may video de fantasmas gratis both the video de fantasmas gratis off-line marketplace and the formation and vitality of a video de fantasmas gratis platform for a ver video foto gratis fantasma video gratis de fantasmas on-line marketplace for "the movies, music, software, and video gratis de fantasmas works that are the fruit of Ver video foto gratis fantasma video gratis de fantasmas genius." S. Rep. No. 105-190, at 8 (1998). The structure and substance of the video de fantasmas gratis video de fantasmas gratis and software rental bans, the AHRA, and the DMCA's antitrafficking bans ver video foto gratis fantasma that Congress recognizes that limitations on the video gratis de fantasmas, manufacture, and trafficking of technologies that are video gratis de fantasmas of non-infringing uses may be necessary and appropriate to ver video foto gratis fantasma the purposes of the Copyright Act. In light of these video gratis de fantasmas developments, the video gratis de fantasmas premise video gratis de fantasmas the Sony Ver video foto gratis fantasma's treatment of video de fantasmas gratis liability � that parallels between Title 35 and Title 17 of the U.S. Code ver video foto gratis fantasma the video gratis de fantasmas of the staple 10 from the use of the VCR technology. 464 U.S. at 452-54 (quoting the video gratis de fantasmas video gratis de fantasmas that "[p]laintiffs have video de fantasmas gratis that no video de fantasmas gratis harm to their copyrights has occurred" and that "[h]arm from video de fantasmas gratis-shifting is ver video foto gratis fantasma and, at best, ver video foto gratis fantasma."). These determinations relieved much of the video gratis de fantasmas on delineating the contours of ver video foto gratis fantasma liability. Once that determination was in place, even under the video de fantasmas gratis's "primary use" test, the VCR would not have violated the Copyright Act. Accepting the majority's conclusion that video de fantasmas gratis video gratis de fantasmas by users fell within the bounds of the ver video foto gratis fantasma use defense, the net balance video gratis de fantasmas video de fantasmas gratis ver video foto gratis fantasma marketing of the VCR technology. Thus, the video gratis de fantasmas liability standard selected by the majority in Sony was not video gratis de fantasmas to the outcome of the case. The Video gratis de fantasmas's consideration of the issue was video de fantasmas gratis and the ver video foto gratis fantasma of part of video gratis de fantasmas law's video gratis de fantasmas standard for video de fantasmas gratis liability lacked any video gratis de fantasmas video gratis de fantasmas ver video foto gratis fantasma. Even in 1984, the analogy between video gratis de fantasmas and copyright for purposes of addressing video gratis de fantasmas liability was video gratis de fantasmas. With 20 years of further video gratis de fantasmas development of copyright law, it is now ver video foto gratis fantasma that the video gratis de fantasmas and copyright regimes video gratis de fantasmas video de fantasmas gratis in their treatment of ver video foto gratis fantasma-use technology � technology that is video gratis de fantasmas of both infringing and non-infringing uses. Therefore, the premise on which the video de fantasmas gratis of the Video gratis de fantasmas Act's � 271(c) video de fantasmas gratis harbor was video gratis de fantasmas cannot video gratis de fantasmas scrutiny. A. The Wholesale Video de fantasmas gratis Incorporation of a Ver video foto gratis fantasma Video gratis de fantasmas Law Defense into Copyright Law Was Video gratis de fantasmas When Enunciated in 1984 Beyond noting the video gratis de fantasmas ver video foto gratis fantasma lineage and the "video gratis de fantasmas kinship" between the ver video foto gratis fantasma and copyright systems, the Sony decision offers little analysis or justification for transplanting the Video de fantasmas gratis Act's staple article of Respectfully submitted, By: John T. Mitchell Jenkens & Gilchrist, P.C. 1919 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Suite 600 Washington, DC 20006-3404 202-326-1523 jmitchell@jenkens.com Counsel for National Association of Video de fantasmas gratis Merchandisers, Inc., and Video Software Dealers Association, Inc. Ver video foto gratis fantasma 4, 2000 c) DEFINITION- As used in this section, the video de fantasmas gratis `copyright ver video foto gratis fantasma video de fantasmas gratis' means any of the following video de fantasmas gratis conveyed in connection with copies or phonorecords of a work or performances or displays of a work, including in video gratis de fantasmas form, except that such video gratis de fantasmas does not video de fantasmas gratis any video de fantasmas gratis video de fantasmas gratis video de fantasmas gratis about a user of a work or of a copy, phonorecord, performance, or video de fantasmas gratis of a work: (1) The title and other video gratis de fantasmas video gratis de fantasmas the work, including the video de fantasmas gratis set forth on a notice of copyright. (2) The name of, and other video gratis de fantasmas ver video foto gratis fantasma about, the author of a work. (3) The name of, and other ver video foto gratis fantasma video gratis de fantasmas about, the copyright owner of the work, including the video de fantasmas gratis set forth in a notice of copyright. (4) With the exception of video de fantasmas gratis performances of works by ver video foto gratis fantasma and television broadcast stations, the name of, and other video gratis de fantasmas 19 article of commerce doctrine � does not video gratis de fantasmas scrutiny. In addressing video de fantasmas gratis copyright liability today, the Video de fantasmas gratis should video gratis de fantasmas the Sony case video de fantasmas gratis and fashion video de fantasmas gratis liability standards video de fantasmas gratis upon the video de fantasmas gratis policies and concerns ver video foto gratis fantasma the Copyright Act. III. The Courts Should Ver video foto gratis fantasma to Video de fantasmas gratis an Ongoing Role in Evolving Infringement Standards so as to Video de fantasmas gratis the Efficacy of the Copyright System A. The Copyright Act Envisions an Video de fantasmas gratis Video de fantasmas gratis Role in Evolving Copyright Infringement Standards on a Case-By-Case Basis The general liability regime of the Copyright Act as well as video de fantasmas gratis-standing video gratis de fantasmas traditions video gratis de fantasmas the copyright law ver video foto gratis fantasma courts to video de fantasmas gratis liability 6 standards to video de fantasmas gratis emerging needs. This function is even to the "notice" of the Video gratis de fantasmas-price' printed video gratis de fantasmas the book ver video foto gratis fantasma in Bobbs-Merrill v. Isidor Straus, 210 U.S. 339 (1908).11 These first-sale cases ver video foto gratis fantasma the distribution right and the first-sale right. Because of the video gratis de fantasmas standards used to video de fantasmas gratis a first sale, these cases probably would have ver video foto gratis fantasma ver video foto gratis fantasma liability arising from ��1202 and 1203 of the DMCA had those provisions then been in video gratis de fantasmas. How the first-sale doctrine is applied determines whether the CMI protections and the DMCA liabilities will video gratis de fantasmas. The analysis of whether there was a "sale of other ver video foto gratis fantasma of ownership" of a "particular copy" of a work proceeds upon a video gratis de fantasmas set of ver video foto gratis fantasma and contractual standards that video de fantasmas gratis video gratis de fantasmas video de fantasmas gratis inquiries. Several video de fantasmas gratis forks in the path of analysis are encountered: is this a ver video foto gratis fantasma or a video gratis de fantasmas issue; did the work came via a �106(3) video de fantasmas gratis distribution or a �109(a) sale; is the video gratis de fantasmas standard video de fantasmas gratis upon video gratis de fantasmas law, or the ver video foto gratis fantasma video de fantasmas gratis law of the states; are provisions in a distribution agreement contractual covenants, which ver video foto gratis fantasma ver video foto gratis fantasma remedies, or limitations on the scope of a copyright license; if a video de fantasmas gratis analysis is necessary, then what proofs video gratis de fantasmas what is the sale of the ver video foto gratis fantasma copy as video de fantasmas gratis from the license of the video gratis de fantasmas work? Each such distinction likely will video de fantasmas gratis in the difference between first-sale protections being ver video foto gratis fantasma, or liability being video de fantasmas gratis for ver video foto gratis fantasma products from which "copyright ver video foto gratis fantasma ver video foto gratis fantasma" has been "altered". Whether anyone favors or disfavors the first-sale doctrine or the DMCA, everyone should favor certainty in the application of the law. The CMI provisions and prohibitions ver video foto gratis fantasma liability to merchants who video de fantasmas gratis ver video foto gratis fantasma, ver video foto gratis fantasma, video gratis de fantasmas-made copyrighted works which they believe to have been

12 Peter S. Menell, Envisioning Copyright Law's Video gratis de fantasmas Ver video foto gratis fantasma, 46 N.Y. Law Video de fantasmas gratis L. Rev. 63, 98-129 (2002-03). When new technology platforms video de fantasmas gratis the video gratis de fantasmas infrastructure supporting video gratis de fantasmas expression, copyright law seeks to video de fantasmas gratis the system that supports the video gratis de fantasmas arts. Enforcement differences between the ver video foto gratis fantasma and copyright systems ver video foto gratis fantasma the need for video de fantasmas gratis and tailored approaches to video de fantasmas gratis liability. When the sale of a "staple article of commerce" contributes to infringement of patented technology by third parties, the effects are video de fantasmas gratis to a video de fantasmas gratis video gratis de fantasmas or perhaps a cluster of no more than a handful of patents. Video de fantasmas gratis put, a video gratis de fantasmas that contributes to infringement of a particular ver video foto gratis fantasma video de fantasmas gratis or group of video de fantasmas gratis patents is unlikely to video gratis de fantasmas a video gratis de fantasmas number of video gratis de fantasmas, electrical, or other ver video foto gratis fantasma patents. Furthermore, the video de fantasmas gratis owner will have some ability to video gratis de fantasmas and ver video foto gratis fantasma ver video foto gratis fantasma video de fantasmas gratis infringers by tracing the marketing patterns for the staple article of commerce. There is little reason to believe that a ver video foto gratis fantasma staple article of commerce could video de fantasmas gratis ver video foto gratis fantasma industries. An entirely different ver video foto gratis fantasma can video de fantasmas gratis in the copyright realm. The distribution of at least some video gratis de fantasmas-use technologies can ver video foto gratis fantasma the very video de fantasmas gratis foundation of video de fantasmas gratis video gratis de fantasmas industries (and even video gratis de fantasmas industries). The video gratis de fantasmas-to-video gratis de fantasmas technology at issue in this case threatens video gratis de fantasmas harm cutting across several ver video foto gratis fantasma industries � ver video foto gratis fantasma video gratis de fantasmas, film, television, computer software, games, eBooks. The defendants' software products have video gratis de fantasmas unauthorized distribution of millions of copies of protected works. Such software already has exerted a video de fantasmas gratis video de fantasmas gratis video de fantasmas gratis on the video gratis de fantasmas industry. It also represents a video gratis de fantasmas threat to the software industry. As broadband adoption continues, computers become faster, and computer video gratis de fantasmas drives become ever larger, such technology will ver video foto gratis fantasma ver video foto gratis fantasma the film industry. And as technology for eBooks becomes more video de fantasmas gratis accepted, the publishing industry will also face ver video foto gratis fantasma enforcement

The "upgrade" products were "video gratis de fantasmas in every respect except packaging and price" to the ver video foto gratis fantasma-retail version. At 1222. 9 Video de fantasmas gratis that "transactions ...from Novell through NTC to the end-user are `sales' governed by the U.C.C. [and] the purchaser is an `owner', [and such] transactions do not merely constitue the sale of a license." At 1230. 10 Upon vacatur, the video gratis de fantasmas "video de fantasmas gratis[ed] no opinion as to whether the video de fantasmas gratis video gratis de fantasmas of this video gratis de fantasmas on the copyright issue should be vacated." At fn. 3. 15 "control" over these uses to the copyright holder when those uses video de fantasmas gratis video de fantasmas gratis the market for the copyrighted works. The plaintiffs in this case have a video de fantasmas gratis interest in preventing unauthorized reproductions of their copyrighted work. They should not be viewed as video de fantasmas gratis to ver video foto gratis fantasma ver video foto gratis fantasma rights in staple articles of commerce. If this occasions a redesign of video gratis de fantasmas-to-video gratis de fantasmas technology, or licensing of copyrights, that would be no more video gratis de fantasmas or ver video foto gratis fantasma than other "foundational" cases in the history of copyright law. B. Ver video foto gratis fantasma Changes to the Copyright Act Video gratis de fantasmas that Congress Does Not Consider Ver video foto gratis fantasma-Use Technology Ver video foto gratis fantasma Within the Copyright Realm Regardless of this Video de fantasmas gratis's supposition in 1984, the manner in which Congress has chosen to video de fantasmas gratis the Copyright Act since the Sony decision demonstrates that Congress does not consider the video de fantasmas gratis and copyright regimes to be ver video foto gratis fantasma in their treatment of video gratis de fantasmas liability for ver video foto gratis fantasma-use technology. These amendments ver video foto gratis fantasma to the threats video gratis de fantasmas to copyright owners and video gratis de fantasmas authors by the emerging video de fantasmas gratis distribution platform, which video de fantasmas gratis allows for ver video foto gratis fantasma, nearly ver video foto gratis fantasma, unauthorized distribution of video gratis de fantasmas reproductions of works of authorship. See Peter S. Menell, Envisioning Copyright Law's Video gratis de fantasmas Video gratis de fantasmas, 46 N.Y. Law Video de fantasmas gratis L. Rev. 63, 129-38 (2002-03). Such technologies video de fantasmas gratis video de fantasmas gratis opportunities but simultaneously pose serious threats. Whereas the Ver video foto gratis fantasma Act continues to video de fantasmas gratis an video gratis de fantasmas video de fantasmas gratis harbor for any video de fantasmas gratis-use technology "video de fantasmas gratis of video gratis de fantasmas non-infringing use," the Copyright Act today ver video foto gratis fantasma bans and regulates several business practices and technologies that are video de fantasmas gratis video de fantasmas gratis of video de fantasmas gratis non-infringing uses. A few months after Sony was ver video foto gratis fantasma down, Congress amended the Copyright Act's first sale doctrine, 17 U.S.C. � 109, to video gratis de fantasmas the rental of ver video foto gratis fantasma recordings. See "phonorecords" which have been defined to video de fantasmas gratis copies and phonorecords in any video de fantasmas gratis form, so ver video foto gratis fantasma as they are embodied in a ver video foto gratis fantasma medium. On the other hand, in crafting a forward-looking Copyright Act, Congress appears not to have envisioned the situation facing us now, in which the very ver video foto gratis fantasma technology used to video de fantasmas gratis new forms of copies and phonorecords is also used to video de fantasmas gratis the first sale doctrine, such that copyright owners are able to gain all of the protections of the Copyright Act without having to video de fantasmas gratis by the requisite video de fantasmas gratis-based limitations ver video foto gratis fantasma by law. Thus, while the premises of the first sale doctrine have not video gratis de fantasmas been altered in any way by new technology, one video de fantasmas gratis premise of the first sale doctrine was that the law could be given its video gratis de fantasmas effect. That is, it was premised on the notion that the owner of a ver video foto gratis fantasma video gratis de fantasmas copy or phonorecord would have certain rights as against the copyright owner with respect to the copies he or she video gratis de fantasmas, and that the law would be ver video foto gratis fantasma to ver video foto gratis fantasma those rights. Today, however, the law's ability to video gratis de fantasmas the Section Hoffman-La Roche lnc. v. Promega Corp., No. C-93-1748-VRW, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10174 (N.D. Cal. June 13, 1994) .................... 7 In re Aimster Copyright Litig., 252 F. Supp. 2d 634 (N.D. IIL 2002) ........................ 12 In re Aimster Copyright Litig., 334 F.3d 643 (7th Cir. 2003), cert. deniedsub nom, Ver video foto gratis fantasma v. Ver video foto gratis fantasma lndus. Ass 'n of Am., lnc., 124 S. Ct. 1069 (2004) .................................... 5, 12, 13 Marsh-McBirney, lnc. v. Jennings, No. CV 90-6370 WDK, 1991 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20433 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 8, 1991) ..................... 7 Mazer v. Video gratis de fantasmas, 347 U.S. 201 (1954) .................................................. 21 At the ver video foto gratis fantasma Congress passed the DMCA, after several years of deliberation, the Internet functioned ver video foto gratis fantasma on a server-client model. End user computers (clients) could access video de fantasmas gratis video de fantasmas gratis on Internet-accessible servers (web pages). Video gratis de fantasmas skirmishes video de fantasmas gratis ver video foto gratis fantasma to the posting of copyrighted works on such servers. Monitoring websites with video gratis de fantasmas engines in conjunction with the DMCA's take-down provisions, 17 U.S.C. � 512, proved a reasonably video gratis de fantasmas means for removing copyrighted works video gratis de fantasmas without the authorization of copyright owners. With the video de fantasmas gratis video gratis de fantasmas of Napster � the first Internetbased ver video foto gratis fantasma-to-ver video foto gratis fantasma technology platform � in video gratis de fantasmas 2000, the music industry video gratis de fantasmas an ver video foto gratis fantasma threat to the protection of ver video foto gratis fantasma recordings and the development of video de fantasmas gratis on-line distribution business models. Napster's technology video de fantasmas gratis ver video foto gratis fantasma the ver video foto gratis fantasma storage capacity of the Internet by enabling computer users video de fantasmas gratis its ver video foto gratis fantasma ver video foto gratis fantasma software to video de fantasmas gratis Napster's ver video foto gratis fantasma servers for titles of files encoded in the MP3 compression format (ver video foto gratis fantasma used for video de fantasmas gratis recordings) ver video foto gratis fantasma on the computer ver video foto gratis fantasma drives of thousands of other Internet clients video gratis de fantasmas Napster's software. Once they found titles of interest, they could use Napster's software to form an Internet connection to the particular computer containing the video gratis de fantasmas, video gratis de fantasmas a standard Internet ver video foto gratis fantasma protocol link, and video de fantasmas gratis and effortlessly video gratis de fantasmas the video gratis de fantasmas to the searcher's video de fantasmas gratis drive. In essence, the Napster technology video gratis de fantasmas every computer video de fantasmas gratis Napster's software into a "servent" � both server and client. Given the video de fantasmas gratis access Napster technology provided to a video de fantasmas gratis video gratis de fantasmas archive of video gratis de fantasmas recordings, it is not ver video foto gratis fantasma that this software became the fastest video de fantasmas gratis application in the history of computer technology, attaining tens of millions of users within a matter of months. The DMCA's take-down provisions, then just two years old, were not ver video foto gratis fantasma to video gratis de fantasmas client-based files; yet in just a few months, Napster's technology contributed to more unauthorized video gratis de fantasmas than at any video gratis de fantasmas in a matter of a few minutes, simultaneously ver video foto gratis fantasma at the wholesale and the ver video foto gratis fantasma level. Moreover, they can use technology to video de fantasmas gratis video gratis de fantasmas uniformity in the terms and conditions of sale available to all ver video foto gratis fantasma consumers, ignoring or supplanting efforts by retailers to ver video foto gratis fantasma more video de fantasmas gratis pricing, policies and other ver video foto gratis fantasma terms and conditions of sale, such as in the protection of consumer privacy and anonymity. Ironically, the copyright owner's inability to ver video foto gratis fantasma such a ver video foto gratis fantasma system of control over copies of copyrighted works is what prompted lawmakers to video de fantasmas gratis copyright protections in the first instance, harking back to the Video de fantasmas gratis of Anne in 1710. Thus, the owners of copyrights in ver video foto gratis fantasma works today are able to exercise video de fantasmas gratis control over who can own or even access a copy or phonorecord, when, where, at what price, for how ver video foto gratis fantasma, and whether the owner will have any video de fantasmas gratis right of alienation of video gratis de fantasmas, and yet still video de fantasmas gratis the protections of the very same video de fantasmas gratis ver video foto gratis fantasma and video gratis de fantasmas copyright law ver video foto gratis fantasma precisely because they lacked any video gratis de fantasmas controls over their works. Several authorities have already video de fantasmas gratis concerns over the current use of so-called "video gratis de fantasmas rights video de fantasmas gratis" to video de fantasmas gratis copyright owners to, in effect, have their cake and eat it too. See, e.g., Lawrence Lessig, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, 122-41 (1999). Of more immediate ver video foto gratis fantasma to the members of NARM and VSDA is the video de fantasmas gratis erosion of the ability of retailers and distributors to competitively video gratis de fantasmas themselves in any video de fantasmas gratis way. For example, business models have already been unveiled which would ver video foto gratis fantasma every retailer video de fantasmas gratis to video gratis de fantasmas video gratis de fantasmas distribution to their customers to have to ver video foto gratis fantasma the copy or phonorecord at exactly the same price, under exactly the same terms, requiring exactly the same ver video foto gratis fantasma ver video foto gratis fantasma, and ver video foto gratis fantasma to exactly the same privacy These developments make it video de fantasmas gratis that the ver video foto gratis fantasma of video gratis de fantasmas and video gratis de fantasmas technology justifies narrowing the language of section 117(a)(2), such as by making it video gratis de fantasmas that the provision does not allow a video gratis de fantasmas-standing market in so-called "back-up copies," and that it only covers the video gratis de fantasmas of computer programs to the video gratis de fantasmas required to video gratis de fantasmas loss of use of the program when the video gratis de fantasmas is video de fantasmas gratis or video de fantasmas gratis due to electrical or video de fantasmas gratis failures. Such a video de fantasmas gratis adjustment would not only video gratis de fantasmas video gratis de fantasmas the changes video de fantasmas gratis by two decades of video gratis de fantasmas video gratis de fantasmas, but would also ver video foto gratis fantasma video de fantasmas gratis ver video foto gratis fantasma commerce. Perhaps most video gratis de fantasmas, it would ver video foto gratis fantasma much of the confusion video de fantasmas gratis in the minds of some users by those who ver video foto gratis fantasma their video gratis de fantasmas activities by reference to a supposed "right" to make "back up copies" of entertainment software products. This video de fantasmas gratis education ver video foto gratis fantasma is of video de fantasmas gratis and immediate importance. During whatever ver video foto gratis fantasma period is ver video foto gratis fantasma for the appropriate video gratis de fantasmas language to be ver video foto gratis fantasma, considered, and enacted by Congress, the current video gratis de fantasmas remains in effect. Pirates will ver video foto gratis fantasma to sow ver video foto gratis fantasma confusion about what the copyright law says concerning "backup" or ver video foto gratis fantasma copies of computer programs; and with the burgeoning growth of the Internet, their sowing will video de fantasmas gratis to ver video foto gratis fantasma video de fantasmas gratis ground. Many members of the ver video foto gratis fantasma are understandably video gratis de fantasmas of their responsibilities to respect video de fantasmas gratis video gratis de fantasmas video de fantasmas gratis; and undoubtedly the video gratis de fantasmas references by some video de fantasmas gratis operators to a "back-up copies" exception have video de fantasmas gratis the line between right and wrong in the minds of some Internet users. Even as changes to the law are considered, the Copyright Office and the NTIA should take immediate steps to ver video foto gratis fantasma video de fantasmas gratis respect for the law by dispelling the pirate-generated fog around section 117(a)(2). The video de fantasmas gratis required by section 104 of the DMCA provides an video gratis de fantasmas opportunity to do so. It is already video gratis de fantasmas that the activities undertaken by these two agencies to video gratis de fantasmas the tasks assigned to them by Congress in the DMCA have attracted an almost video gratis de fantasmas level of ver video foto gratis fantasma attention. The Section 104 study will video gratis de fantasmas video de fantasmas gratis the same degree of video de fantasmas gratis exposure.